Back to FIELDNotes on the Poems
Nasir-i Khusraw did not give his poems titles, but we have decided to title them in order to clarifyy their main themes and make it easier to refer to them individually. In the notes, the title will be followed by MM and a number; this refers to the number of the poem in the edition of the Diwan edited by M. Mnovi and M. Mohaghegh, Tehran, 1353 A.H.S.
I INTRODUCTION
The Diwan ; MM. CLXXVII
Line 5: Diwan (The Diwan); a collection of poetry. Elsewhere NK refers to his two divans ; they have been combined into one.
Line 62: Solomon is famous for his magical control over the jinn, psychic being or fire elements, some of who are good, or at least neutral, while others are demonic.
Line 66: Luqman; a wise man, said to have been a son of Job s sister or aunt, a disciple of David, or a judge of Israel, or a freed Ethiopian slave.
Line 68: The Threshold of the Compassionate; i.e., the Divine Presence
Line 69: The Guide of Truth; the Prophet Muhammad. Salman-i Farsi, the first Persian Muslim, a Companion of the Prophet, revered as one of the first partisans of Ali, and also considered by Islamic esoterists - both Sufi and Shi ite - as an important figure.
Line 70: Household of the Messenger; in other words, the blood descendants of the Prophet through his daughter Fatimah and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib; especially the Panj-tan or Five Holy Ones : the Prophet, Fatimah, Ali and their children Hassan and Husayn; more generally for Ismailis this term includes Imams (see introduction) and by extension their relatives as well.
Line 72: Imam; the ruler of the Ismailis (see introduction).
Line 79: Emir; NK probably does not have any particular Emir (ruler) in mind; he means wordly rulers in genral, as opposed to the Imams.
Line 99: The Prophet s Family; see note on line 70 above.
Line 100: Rudaki the Persian, Hasan the Arab; NK mentions two famous poets, one Persian, the other Arab; Rudaki was known for his court poetry, Hasan for his eulogies on the Prophet.
Line 106: The Pilgrim s Provision; the Zad al-musafarin, one of NK s prose treatises on Ismaili philosophical thought; see introduction.
Line 109: Yamgan the remote region, now part of Afghanistan, where NK sought refuge after the failure of his mission in Khorasan (see introduction).
Line 110: Day of Reckoning; the Last Judgement.
Line 112: Holy Household; se note to line 70 above.
II PHILOSOPHY
The First Poem ; MM.I
Line 74: Harut; and Marut, two evil demons who taught sorcery to the Babylonians.
Line 122: the elements, Earth, Air, Fire and Water can be considered as [airs of opposites, yet all exists together in harmony on the material plane.
Speech ; MM.II
Line 18: Darius; the name of several Persian kings, especially Darius the Great, the Achaemenian (d. 486 B.C.)
Line 45: Sanaa (San a ); the capital of Yemen, used as a figure of a far-away place.
Line 57: Jesus; his most famous miracle from the Islamic point of view is his rising the dead to life which he was able to accomplish with a word or a breath because he was the Spirit or Word of God.
Line 85: The Night of Power; the night on which the Qur an was revealed; believed to fall in the latter part of the month of Ramadan.
Line 106: the martyrs of God; could refer both to the Muslims of the time of the Prophet who fell in the cause of Islam, and the Ismailis who had suffered for their religion.
Line 107: the daughter of Muhammad; Fatimah, wife of Ali, mother of the Imams and particularly revered by the Ismailis of the period who called themselves (and by extension their rule in Egypt) Fatimid .
The Angelic Presence ; MM.CXIII
Line 15: Gabriel; as in Christianity an Archangel; in Islam he is the angel of Revelation, who dictated the Qur an to Muhammad
Line 22: treasure of Qarun; the Korah of OT, son of Moses paternal uncle, proverbial for his wealth and avarice. According to Islamic tradition, Divine Wrath overtook him and the earth swallowed him and his treasures.
Line 33: the Active Intellect; The Tenth Intellect, guardian of the sublunary world; Demiurge; interpreted by some as the angel Gabriel of Holy Spirit.
Line 50: When God had created Adam, He called on all angels to bow before him and worship him. Only Satan (Iblis) refused, saying that he refused to bow before anyone but God Himself; for his rebellion he was banished from heaven and became the Adversary.
Line 59: For the Qur anic version of the story of Khizr, see Chapter 18, the Cave. In some version of this story, Khizr is integrated into the Alexander legend and is said to be Alexander s cook, or general. Alexander sets out with Khizr on a search for a Fountain of Life. Khizr finds it, and becomes immortal, but Alexander fails Khizr, the Hidden of Green Prophet , representing the ever-living presence of esoterism, is a figure of much importance in esoteric Islam.
Freewill and Predestination ; MM.X
Line 112: The Proof; hujjat, the title given to NK as a leader of missionaries, and used by him as his pen-name. It is considered good form (though not obligatory) for a Persian poet to work his pen-name somewhere into the last few lines of a poem, often with a pun.
Being and Becoming , Etc. ; MM.XXII
Line 124: Ali, the first Imam, son-in-law of the Prophet, recognised by the Sunnis (the majority of Muslims) as the fourth Caliph, the transmitter of esoteric sciences and knowledge of the spiritual Path.
Line 125: Khaybar; a fortress near Madinah, stronghold of Jews hostile to the Prophet. Ali conquered it, opening its gates with his bare hands during the famous battle of Khaybar.
Line 126: Qayrawan; an important city now in Tunisia; used a figure for the far western reaches of the Islamic world, which stretched in the East to China
Line 133: Kawthar; a river of Paradise said to be in the control of Ali, hence his nickname.
Line 135: Imam al-Mutansir; the Ismaili Imam of NK s period; lived in Cairo (see introduction).
Line 137: Kaaba (Ka bah); the cube -shaped structure in Mecca towards which all Muslims mast face when saying their daily prayers.
Line 147: Khorasan; the vast eastern province of Iran, including what are now parts of Afghanistan and the USSR. NK had been appointed Proof, or leader of missionaries, for this whole region, one of the most important in the world of Islam at that time.
God and the World ; MM.XLV
Line 105: Divine Law; the Shari ah, or revealed Laws as contained in the Qur an and interpreted by the Prophet and - in the case of Ismailism - the Imams. Esoteric Muslims divide the tradition into three diemsions; the Shari ah, the Tariqah (the Path proper, the Spiritual Way), and the Haqiqah or Truth, the Goal of the Path.
Hermeneautics (The Garden) ; MM.CCXXXII
Line 8: Solomon s Throne; carried by demons wherever he commanded them.
Line 101: Iraq and Badakhshan; in other words; at opposite ends of the world ; Badakhshan is the region of present-day Afghanistan where NK himself (the remedy ) lived
The Two Jewels ; MM.CXII
Line 14: the Two Worlds; i.e. heaven and earth.
Line 15: the seven climes; traditional geography divided the world into seven regions or climes .
Line 16: The Holy Spirit; Gabriel, angel of revelation.
Line 20: Hot, Cold, Wet, Dry. Each of the four elements is characterised by a pair of these natures: Earth is cold and dry; Air is hot and wet; Fire is hot and dry; Water is cold and wet. These terms were considered not in their material sense alone, but as principles or archetypal qualities. Their importance in traditional medicine (the theory of the four humours) is but one of their applications.
Line 32: four natures; the four humours or temperaments; see note to line 20 above.
Line 33: nine spheres and seven planets; each of the seven traditional planets had its own sphere; besides these, there were the sphere of the Fixed Stars, and the Empyrean itself.
III WORDS OF WISDOM
Words of Wisdom ; MM.XLIX
A Parable of Jesus ; MM.CCL
On the Qur an ; MM.V
Line 108: drylipped before the Euphrates; a reference to the fate of the Third Imam, Husayn, who was killed along with may of his followers in Karbala - now a city in Iraq - by the army of the Umayad Caliph Yazid after having suffered extreme thirst, kept by his enemies from obtaining water from the nearby river Euphrates. The foes of the Household are punished by being refused the esoteric knowledge of the Imams.
Line 117: Sultan of khan; worldly rulers.
Ode to Night ; MM.CCXXX
Line 30: Zulaykha; in the Islamic version of the story of the prophet Joseph, Potiphar s wife is replaced by the Pharaoh s wife, Zulaykha. She is dumbfounded by Joseph s beauty, hence pale and perplexed . See Qur. XII.
Line 37: Jabulsa and Jabulqa; two legendary cities of the Far East and Far West, inhabited by Gog and Magog; localities in Imaginal World .
Line 41: purdah; the custom of keeping women in veil.
The Way of the World ; MM.CXVII
The World Defends Itself ; MM.CXVIII
Homo Ludens ; MM.LVII
The Eater of Dust ; MM.XCIII
Line 2: turquoise wheel; i.e. the sky or the heavens . NK uses many metaphors for the heavens based on the image of the sky as it appears to the earthly observer; whirling sphere, upturned bowl, etc.
Ode to Spring ; MM.CLXI
Line 12: the Messiah s revivifying incantations; see note on speech , line 57.
Line 15: Joseph s miracle; i.e. his beauty. See note on Ode to Night . Line 30.
Line 22: robes of Christians; apparently Christians in the Persia of NK s period wore violet-coloured robes; or it may refer to the liturgical vestments of the priests. A cliche in Persian poetry.
Line 35: the Abbasids; the Caliphs in Baghdad. The Ismailis considered them enemies and usurpers of the rightful title of calip, which belonged to the Fatimid caliph, the Ismaili Imam. The colour of the Abbasids was black.
Line 38: Zulfikar; (Dhu l-fiqar) the famous doubled-tipped sword of Ali.
Line 51: Chosroes; The Just, 21st Sassanid king of Persian (d.A.D. 579). The Prophet was born in the eighth year of his reign.
Line 64: Balkh and Bukhara; the two major cities in Khorasan, the former now in Afghanistan, the latter in USSR.
Anti-Ode to Spring ; MM.LXXIV
Encore ; MM.CLXXX
Line 64: city of knowledge ; the Prophet is reported to have said, I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate .
Line 101: Balance; the souls of the dead are judged in a scale.
A La Mode ; MM.CXXIV
Line 34: the inner Holy War; The Prophet once told his warriors as they retuned from battle, You are coming back from the lesser to the greater Holy War (al-jihad al-akbar) . Islamic esoterists have taken this to refer to the spiritual battle upon the Path of God.
IV SATIRE
a Wasted Pilgrimage , MM.CXLI
Line 5: Arafat; a plain near Mecca where pilgrims must spend one day of the Hajj in prayer and invocation.
Line 7: the Hajj; the Pilgrimage to Mecca, incumbent on all Muslims at least once in their lifes for those who can afford it.
Line 15: Haji; one who has completed the Pilgrimage, a title of great respect.
Line 19: pilgrim s robe; on the Pilgrimage, everyone wears two simple pieces of white cloth, similar to the shroud.
Line 33: the obligatory sheep; pilgrims on the hajj must sacrifice a sheep in commemoration of Abraham s sacrifice.
Line 37" Sacred Grounds; the immediate precincts of the Ka bah.
Line 41: stoning the Accursed one; one of the rites of the Pilgrimage consists of throwing stones at a pillar said to represent the Devil.
Line 45: station of Abraham; the Prophet Abraham is said to have built the Ka bah. The place where he prayed is marked.
Line 49: circumambulation; the rites include circling the Ka bah.
To a Merchant ; MM.CXXX
Line 1: Zam-Zam; the sacred well of Mecca, near the Ka bah.
Line 42: Jamshid; the legendary first king of Persia.
Astrology and Poetry ; MM.LXIV
Line 33: Moses, Aaron and Samarri; Aaron is viewed in Islam as a prophet in his own right; in esoteric Islam, he is considered to have represented the esoteric side of Judaism. As Moses represents the exoteric side. Samarri is the Samaritan who persuaded the Jews to worship the golden calf.
Line 38: Mazandaran; the Caspian littoral region of Iran.
The Shark ; MM.VII
Line 33: et seq.; Feraydun, Kayqubad, etc., etc. Ancient kings and heroes of Persian, described in Firdawsi s Shah-namah.
Line 59: face the Ka bah; the dead are buried lying on their sides, facing the Ka bah.
Line 61: Testimony of Faith; There is no god but God; and Muhammad is the Messenger of God . Muslims should die with this formula on their lips. In this and in the preceding two lines NK means that the reader will pay no attention to religion until he s faced with death, whereas he ought to be occupied with it always.
Line 89: the Simurgh; the legendary king of the birds. In Attar s famous Conference of the Birds, the Simurgh symbolises God. Only thirty reach him; si-murgh means literally thirty birds ; in other words, the seekers are inwardly identified with the Sought.
Excuses ; MM.CLXIV
Line 29: Magi; in popular belief the Zoroastrians or Magi were thought to worship fire.
Storm Warnings ; MM.XLVII
The Aging Rake ; MM.XLVI
Line 100: Sermon bythe Ditch; see introduction.
V AUTOBIOGRAPHY
Autobiography ; MM.LXXIX
A Warning to Missionaries ; MM.LXVIII
Dissimulation ; MM XXXIII
title: Dissimulation (taqiyyah); Shi ites are allowed, in case of danger, to disguise their adherence to the minority faith in order to escape persecution. Ismailis made particular use od this.
Line 55: Ramadan; the month during which fasting from dawn to sun-down is obligatory for all Muslims.
Line 67: Shari ite; i.e. followers of the Shari ah, the Sacred Law.
In Yamgan ; MM.IX
Line 163: the hoopoe; Solomnon understood the language of the birds. The hoopoe was his messenger.
The Decline od Khorasan ; MM.XXXVII
Line 17: alif; the first letter of the Arabic alphabet; symbolic of uprightness and good stature.
Line 21: nun; this letter of the alphabet is often contrasted with alif, and compared with a hunchback or an old man.
Line 65: Kipchak; a Tartar Tribe.
Line 79: Zahhak; in the Shah-namah, the evil enemy of Feraydun.
Line 85: Aaron the Alexandrian; Hellenistic philosopher famous for his erudition.
Retirement ; MM.XCVII
Line 16: Kashghar; city in Turkestan, central Asia.
The Exile s Lament ; MM.CCVIII
Line 19: the Companion; i.e. of the Prophet. NK means he is accused of being the enemy of such of the Companions as Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman, the first three caliphs, recognised by the Sunnis but not by the Shi ites, who believe, Ali should have been the first caliph.
Line 59: Grand Mufti; chief religious authority.
Line 60: Nayshapur and Herat; two important cities of Khorasan, the former now in Iran, the latter in Afghanistan.
Line 73: Badakhshan is still famous for its rubies.
Line 75: Viziers; Prime Minsters. Teheran; actually Rayy, which is now a suburb of Tehran but was for many centuries the metropolis.
Line 82: the Gulf; i.e. the Persian Gulf, still famous for its pearls.
Letter from an Acquaintance ; MM.XC
VI DEVOTION
In Praise of Ali (1) ; MM.LXXXV
Line 16: Nasibi; an enemy of Ali; NK uses him for the type of an anti-Shi ite.
Line 29: Hunayn; one of the famous battles of the Prophet of Islam against the unbelievers.
Line 45: the unbelievers of Mecca; i.e., those Arabs who did not accept the Prophet and forced him to emigrate to Medina.
Line 48: the best woman in the world; Fatimah.
Line56: Badr, Uhud and Khaybar; three battles waged by the Prophet against the ubelievers.
In Praise of Ali (2) ; MM.LXXXII
Line 7: the religion of Allah; i.e. of God; i.e. Islam.
Line 23: allusion is made in the book; several verses in the Qur an are interpreted by Shi ites to refer to Ali pre-eminence among the companions.
Line 28: slept in the Prophet s bed; when the Prophet s life was threatened, Ali slept in his bed to deceive the assassin while the Prophet made his migration from Mecca to Median.
Line 29: the Migration (from Mecca to Medina); see note to In Praise of Ali (1) , Line 45. The Islamic calendar begins with the year of the Migration (hijrah).
In Praise of the Prophet ; MM.LVIII
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End of the Book of ANasir-i Khusraw, Forty Poems From The Divan@